SYNTAX - REVISION

SYNTAX - REVISION

I. What is a simple sentence? Give 5 examples.

A simple sentences is a complete unit of meaning which contains a subject, a verb, followed, if neccessary by the other words making up the meaning

Example:

1.       Hung waited for the train.

"Hung" = subject, "waited" = verb

2.       The train was late.

"The train" = subject, "was" = verb

3.       Huong and Ha took the bus.

"Huong and Ha" = compound subject, "took" = verb

4.       I looked for Huong and Ha at the bus station.

"I" = subject, "looked" = verb

5.       Huong and Ha arrived at the bus station before noon and left on the bus before I arrived.

" Huong and Ha " = compound subject, "arrived" and "left" = compound verb 

2. What are the Transitive and Intransitive Verbs? Give 5 sentences as examples.

2.1 transitive Verbs mean Verbs with objects, usually a direct objects

EX1: My father gave me for my birthday.

Ex2: She left on the table.

Ex3: I moved the chair.

Ex4: Hung will lose the race

Ex5: I baked some cookies.

2.2 Intransitive Verbs are Verbs without object

Ex1: They ran down the road.

Ex2: She sleeps too much.

Ex 3: The train arrives at 3pm.  

Ex4: Sorry, but I have to leave

Ex5: Hung lives on the east side of the city.

2.3 In some certain cases a Verb may be Transitive and Intansitive

Examples: 

 Ex1: She usually leaves (transitive) the books on the table.  

Ex2: The train sometimes leaves (intransitive) early on Sunday.

In the first example, the verb leave is transitive because it is followed by a direct object (books). However, in the second, it is intransitive and there is no direct object. It is followed by a prepositional phrase (on Sunday).

Ex3: She sings every day. (no object = intransitive)

Ex4:She sings rock 'n' roll tunes. ( rock 'n' roll tunes receives the action of sings = transitive)

3. What may a complement be? Give examples for each function!

A complement may be :

_An adjective:

Ex1: I’m glad that you can come

Ex2: I am curious what color it is.

Ex3: It was wrong of her to go.

Ex4: I am happy they got married.

Ex5: We are all afraid that the storm will be severe

_A noun :

ex1: She is a teacher

Ex2:My father is doctor

_ An Adjective + Noun: Ex1: he is a good student

Ex2: My mother is a successful entrepreneur

_ A Pronoun

Ex1: The dog is theirs.

Ex2: The house is hers/his.

Ex3: Mary and I are friends ..

Ex4:Hers is black and mine is red

_ An adverb of place or time

Ex1: She returned home yesterday

Ex2: I go to shopping with my friend on sunday

_A prepositional pharase

Ex1: He got me through the linguistic exam

ex2: I came across these letters and across some photographs

Ex3: They argue about what to do.

4 /5. What is a compound sentence? Give 05 examples! 5. What conjunctions can be used in compound sentences and what are their meanings?

4.1 The form of a compound sentence

4.1.1 When we join two or more simple sentence with conjunction we make a compound sentence. The element a compound can stand on their own and don’t depend on each other

4.1.2 Conjunctions used to make compound sentence:

And, and then, but, nor, or, so, yet, for,either...or, neither....nor,not only....but also..

 Ex1: I am on a diet yet I really want a cookie. 

ex2:  He did not take the money, for it was not the right thing to do

ex3:  Phuong played football, for Hang went shopping.

Ex4: Canada is a rich country, but still it has many poor people

Ex5: My monitor called me last night, but I didn't answer the phone

Ex6: Not only did he turn up late, he also forgot his books

6 What is a complex sentence? What conjunctions can be used to make complex sentences?

-A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses.

-In Complex sentences the main clause can standon it own ( independent) but the subclause depends on the main clause (dependent)

-These conjunction are used most often in complex sentences: because, since, until, before, after, although, when ,while, whenever

Ex1: When I feel sick , I do not go to school

Ex2: The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.

Ex3: After they finished studying, Phuong and Hang went to the movies.

Ex4:Because it was raining, the game was called off

Ex5: The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.

Ex6: Hung is not going since I never invited him

7. Introduce the relative clauses and relative pronouns with their meanings!

7.1Relative clause

A relative clause, also called an adjective clause, is characteristically post-modifier in a noun phare . “ It introduced by a Wh-word, which has gramatical role in the relative clause in addition to its linking function”. Relative clauses may be either restrictive

A relative clause gives extra information about nouns - how exactly does it do this? Unlike an adjective, which in English comes before the noun, relative clauses always follow the noun that they are defining or describing. In the following examples, the whole relative clause is in bold:

•        I enjoyed the concert that we went to last night.

•        The book which I'm reading comes from the library.

•        The people who you met at the party are all old friends of mine.

•        He hadn't met the man who I was talking about.

The first thing to notice from these examples is that the relative clause can come both at the end and in the middle of the sentence. The second point of interest is the type of word that can introduce a relative clause, in these instances, which, who and that - in this context these words are known as relative pronouns.

We can opt to use that where we might sometimes use which or who, as you can see from these sentences modified from the ones above:

•        The book that I'm reading comes from the library.

•        The people that you met at the party are all old friends of mine.

•        He hadn't met the man that I was talking about.

You may also have noticed that there is another relative clause construction that can be applied to all the above examples - the relative pronoun can be left out with no obvious change in meaning.

•        I enjoyed the concert we went to last night.

•        The book I'm reading comes from the library.

•        The people you met at the party are all old friends of mine.

•He hadn't met the man I was talking about.

7.2 relative pronouns

In addition to the relative pronouns which, who and that which we have already looked at, there are two others that we should mention: whose and where. First of all let's see a few examples of sentences containing whose.

•        Do you know the actor whose new show started on TV last night?

•        Those of you whose names are called out should go to the front row.

•        My mother, whose father was also a lawyer, married when she was 28.

•        I heard that a house whose owner had been out of the country for more than a year was demolished by mistake.

•        The treaty, whose signatories include all the major industrialised nations, was fully ratified last night.

It should be clear from these examples that whose is used to talk about possession in relative clauses. This possession is not restricted to just animate beings, but covers inanimate objects as well (the last two sentences). You can also see that whose is used in both defining and non-defining clauses - the third and sixth sentences are examples of non-defining clauses.

In relative clauses where is used place of in/at/on which, so:

•        This is the house where I was born.

•        This is the house in which I was born. (more formal)

•        The envelope where the number was written has been mislaid.

•        The envelope on which the number was written has been mislaid. (formal)

•        I'll never forget the concert where we first met each other.

•        I'll never forget the concert at which we first met. (formal)

When talking about places, it is quite easy to confuse this use of where with which, but you need to remember that where replaces a prepositional phrase usually containing in, at or on. Look at the next two sentences as an illustration of this:

•        London, which has been the capital of England for many centuries, is the largest city in the UK. (London as a thing.)

•        London, where I was born, is the largest city in the UK. (London as a place in which something happened.)

8. Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses!

Relative clause describe a Noun in the main clause and stand just after it

There are two kinds of relative clause : Defining and Non-defining Relative Clauses

8.1 defining Relative Clauses

8.1.1 essential to make the subject understandable

8.1.2 The information of the defining relative clause is very neccessary

8.1.3 “That” is used this clause

8.1.4 There s’ no comma to seperative the main subclause

8.1.5 When speaking, there s’ no pause

Example: Ex1: We're looking for someone who we can tell the truth.

Ex2: The coast (which) I am going to buy is not good

Ex3: The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice

Ex4: A seaman is someone who works on a ship

Ex5: I don't know anyone who/whom I can trust.

8.2 Nondefining relative clause

8.2.1 Unnecessary because the main subject is fully understood

8.2.2 The information is just extra or additional

8.2.3 “That” can’t be used

8.2.4 There s’ (are) comma(s)

8.2.5 When speaking, there s’ a pause where there s’ comma

Example : ex1: That bicycle, which I bought three years ago, is still good

Ex2: My elder sister gave me this shirt, which she had bought in Supermarket

Ex3: She passed the examination, which makes me surprised

Ex4: The last lecture, some of which I just didn't understand, was about osmosis.

Ex5: Do you know the boy, who is talking to Phuong?

9. Adverbial Clauses of Place and Conjunctions

These clauses are used to show where something is or happens

We used conjunctions : where, wherever, anywhere and everywhere

Example:

Ex1: She is always drunk wherever I meet her.

Ex2: Wherever I meet her, she is always drunk.

Ex3: Put the keys where you can find them easily.

ex4: This is the house where my family lives.

ex5: I have put it where I can find it again

ex6: They can stay wherever they want to.

ex7: Wherever you go I will follow you.

10. Adverbial Clauses of Manner and Conjunctions

These clauses are used to show the way something is done

We used conjunction: as, and like

Example:

EX1: He cried as though he is in pain

EX2: The boy speaks as if he is sick.

EX3: As if he is sick, the boy speaks.

EX4: He finished the work as she requested.

EX5: She’s acting like she really doesn’t like him.

EX6: Didn’t they talk as if they had read the book?

EX7: Good students come to class on time as the teacher tells them to.

11. Adverbial Clauses of Time and Conjunctions

These clauses are used to show when something happens

We used conjunctions: after, as, as long as, before, since, until, while, when, whenever, as soon as, and so long as.

Example:

EX1: After I had finished my homework, I went to bed

EX2: I always switch the lights off before I step out of the room.

EX3: I have not been feeling well since I returned from Hatay.

EX4: Last night, I was doing my homework while my sister was playing games

EX5: WhenI heard the news, I started to cry

EX6: After I have finished my work I can go home.

EX7: Tell him as soon as he arrives.

12. Complex Sentences with Objective Clauses

The Objective complement can also be realised by a finite Wh-clause, a non-finite bare or to –infinite clause, or a non-finite -ing or –ed clause

12.1 The objective complement in a-e finite Wh-clause which “ describe a feature or quality of the direct object”

Example:

Ex1:I know what is on the exam

Ex2:He wondered why she had said that

Ex3:I asked him what will they we do

Ex4:I took what they offered me

Ex5:I asked them what they want

12.2 The Ibject complement in a-g is the –ing form of the verb, either alone or as part of a large clause. It tell us “What the object is made to do or kept doing”

This remark set    everyone thinking

The policeman got the traffic moving

14. Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses of Reason and Contrast/Concession.

14.1 Adverbial Clauses of Reason

These clauses are used to show why something happens

We used conjuction: because, as, since, seeing that

Example:

Ex1: Because it rained, we stayed at home

Ex2: As we are both tired, we agree stop playing

Ex3: I did not buy it because I did not like the look of it.

ex4: Because he is rich, he thinks he can buy all of us juices.

ex5: He was very pleased that you got admission in to this university

14.2 Adverbial Clauses of Concession

We use adverb clause of concession to modify verb in main clause and it is introduced by the below-written subordinating conjunctions:

We used Conjunctions: though, even though, although

Example:

Ex1: Although/though he has plenty of money, he doesn’t spend much

Ex2: Although you gave it your best, you did not win the match

Ex3: Although I studied Adverbial Clauses of Comparison

all night, I failed the test

Ex4:  Even though the weather was cold, I went swimming

Ex5: Although you gave it your best, you did not win the match

.

Ex6:  Although he was ill, he wasn’t absent from school.

14.3 Adverbial Clauses of Contract

We use adverb clause of contract to modify verb in main clause and it is introduced by the below-written subordinating conjunctions:

We used Conjunctions:  though, however, even though, even if, although, so, in spite of the fact that, the fact that, despite that, whether or, granted that, whoever, whatever, whichever, no matter what, whereas, while

Ex1: He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty

Ex2: while there was no conclusive evidence, most people talk he was guilty

Ex3: I wounldn’t tell you, even If you knew

Ex4: Trang is short, while Phuong is tall.

Ex5: his brother is rich, whereas he is poor

15. Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses of Purpose, Result and Comparison.

15.1 Adverbial Clauses of Purpose

S+V                                                So that   S+V           ----> finite clause

          in order

          so as                                     to/notto+V

          to/not to + V                                           -------->non-finite clause

We use adverb clause of purpose to modify verb in main clause and to tell the aim that someone does something or something happens

We used Conjunctions: so that, in order that,

Example:

Ex1:  I bring my dictionary with me in order that I can check.

Ex2:  I tell him everyday in order that he can remember.

Ex3: In order that he can remember, I tell him everyday.

      Ex4:  We eat so that we may live.

Ex5: I will give you a map so that you can find the way to your relative’s house

Ex6:   Let us go now itself so that we can catch the train

Ex7: Come here so that I could bless you

15.2 Adverbial Clauses of Result

We use adverb clause of result to modify verb in main clause and to tell the result that someone does something or something happens

We used conjuction with “in case”

With so...that, such..that,...

Ex1: We were so tired (that) we went to bed.

Ex2: He writes with such great care that he rarely makes mistakes

Ex3: There was so much dust that we couldn’t see what was happening

Ex4: He is so honest a man that he never tells lies

Ex5: The snow fell so fast that our footsteps were soon covered up

Adverbial Clauses of Comparison

S+Vas------as--------

S+V(not)so--------as------

S+Vcomparative   adj/adv than---------

The Adverb Clause of Comparison is of two types.

1. Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degrees

2. Adverb Clause of Comparison of Manner

1. Adverb Clause of Comparison of Degrees is introduced by the conjunction 'than' or 'as'.

In the following sentences the Adverb-Clauses of Comparison-Degrees are coloredblue.

Examples:

•  She is older than her husband.

•  He works harder than I do.

•  It is later than I thought.

•  She earns more than her brother.

•  She is not so stupid as you think.

•  He is as stupid as he is lazy.

      •  She is as beautiful as she is intelligent.

• He is as stupid as he is lazy.

2. Adverb Clauses of Comparison of -Manner are introduced by the conjunction as.

In the following sentences the Adverb-Clauses of Comparison-Manner are coloredblue.

Examples:

•        As you have made your bed so you must lie on it.

• You may do as you please.

• It all ended as I expected.

• As he has lived so he will die.

Not many know the truth better than you (know).

16. Complex Sentences with Present Participle Constructions

The present participle is the '-ing' form of a verb: find - finding [> 16.51.

I 1 1 We can use the present participle in place of and, so, etc. to join two simple sentences: ' I found the front door locked. I went round the back. (two simple sentences > 1.2A) 1 found the front door locked and went round the back. [> 1.4A] Finding the front door locked, 1 went round the back.

2 To make a negative, we put not in front of the -ing form: Not knowing his phone number, I wasn't able to ring him. (= I didn't know ...)

We can use being place of is or was:

I was short of money --->Being short of money

By using infinitive or participle constructions. There are non-finite and are phrase rather than clauses, but they form part of complex (not simple) sentences because they can be re-expressed as clauses which are subordinate to the main clause: To get into university you have to pass a number of examinations (= of you want to get into university...)

Many different constructions can be present in a complex sentence:

Free trade agreements are always threatened (a) when individual countries protect their own markets (b) by imposing duties on imported goods (c) to encourage their own industries (d).

----> (a): main clause, (b): subordinate clause dependent on (a), (c): subordinate clause dependent on (b), (d): subordinate clause dependent on )c).

The subject of the main clause must be replaced by a pronoun in a subordinate clause if a reference is made to it: The car went out of control before it hit the tree.

The 5 simple sentence patterns can be combined in an endless variety of ways:

-noun clauses: He told me that the match had been cancelled.

-relative (or adjectival) clause: Holiday resorts which are very crowded are not very pleasant.

-adverbial clauses: However hard I try, I can't remember people's names.

1 We can sometimes omit who or whlch + idare when we use the present progressive. lnstead of: The man who is serving at the counter is very helpful. We can say: The man serving at the counter is very helpful. lnstead of: The new law applies to vehicles which are carrying heavy loads. We can say: The new law applies to vehicles carrying heavy loads. 2 We can sometimes use -ing in place of who or which + simple present: lnstead of: This job will suit students who want to work during the holidays. We can say: This job will suit students wanting to work during the holidays.

17. Complex Sentences with Past Participle Constructions.

The past participle is the third part of a verb [> 9.3A-B]: play - played - played (regular verbs); build - built - built (irregular verbs)

2 We sometimes use the past participle instead of the passive: Viewed from a distance, it resembled a cloud. (When it was viewed ...) .. Although built years ago, it was in good order. (Although it was built .) If accepted for the job, you will be informed soon. (If you are accepted ...)

3 We can omit who and which: The system used here is very successful. (which is used ...)

Could you help me please as I am confused with the construction of the past particle so here I am putting some work together for your review.

Please point out the mistakes.

Thank you for your answers.

Sentence number one:

Emma had lived in Europe for 25 years, but she didn't make good friends there.

Having lived in Europe for 25 years Emma didn't make good friends there.

Sentence number two:

She didn't have enough money to buy a car so she bought a motorbike.

Not having enough money to buy a car she bought a motorbike.

Sentence number three:

She had been living in Australia ever since she's born, she planned to migrate to India in 2006.

Having been lived in Australia ever since she's born she planned to migrate to India in 2006.

Sentence number four:

The boy who carried a yellow file crossed the road in the rush.

The boy carrying a yellow file crossed the road in the rush.

Sentence number five:

We stood at the corner of the street for five minutes and talked to Jane in detail.

Standing at the corner of the street for five minutes we talked to Jane in detail.

Sentence number six

The picture which was stolen from the art gallery was found in Jim's room.

The picture stolen from the art gallery was found in Jim's room.

Sentence number seven:

She was riding her bike and didn't see the car coming in the front.

Riding her bike she didn't see the car coming in the front.

Sentence number eight:

As she was betrayed by her boyfriend she cried all the time.

Betrayed by her boyfriend she cried all the time. or Having betrayed by her boyfriend she cried all the time.

Sentence number nine

Since she didn't hear the doorbell she didn't open the door.

Not hearing the doorbell she didn't open the door.

Sentence number 10

while I was cutting the carrot I cut my finger.

while cutting the carrot I cut my finger.